Soil Chemical Properties

Soil Active Components

Soil texture is composed of three components , namely : sand , silt and clay . These three components are distinguished by different size . Sand particles sized between 200 micrometers to 2000 micrometers . Dust particles measuring between 2 micrometers to less than 200 micrometers . Clay particles measuring less than 2 micrometers . The finer the particle size of the soil constituent will have a surface area of particles per unit weight of increasingly widespread . Soil particles have more surface area to give more opportunities to the occurrence of chemical reactions . Clay particles unity weights have a wider surface area than the second constituent particles of soil texture (such as : dust and sand ) .

Chemical reactions that occur on the surface of clay particles more than the surface of the particles of dust and sand unity equal weight . Thus , particles of clay soil is the most active component of the chemical reaction , so it determines the chemical properties of the soil and affect soil fertility .

Some Soil Chemical PropertiesSome soil chemical properties that are important to know and understand , include :

1. soil pH2 . organic carbon content
2. nitrogen content
3. carbon and nitrogen ratio ( C / N )
4. phosphorus content of the soil , consisting of : P - and P - total available land
5. content of exchangeable base cations
6. acid cation content
7. base saturation ( KB )
8. cation exchange capacity ( CEC ) , include : clay CEC , CEC , CEC effective , permanent charge CEC and CEC soil pH dependent charge
9. 10 . aluminum saturation.

Soil Organisms

Understanding soil organisms

Soil organisms or also called soil biota are all living things , both animal ( fauna ) and plants ( flora ) that all or part of the phases of his life are in the soil system .
Soil Organisms grouping soil organisms can be sorted by various categories , as follows :Based on its role , soil organisms are divided into three groups , namely :
( a) an organism that is beneficial to the growth and development of plants( b ) organisms that harm crops( c ) organisms are not beneficial and not harmful . Examples of beneficial soil organisms :1 . soil organisms that can contribute nitrogen to the soil and plants , namely : nitrogen pemfiksasi bacteria ( Rhizobium , Azosphirillum , Azotobacter , etc. ) ,2 . soil organisms that can dissolve phosphate , namely : phosphate solvent bacteria ( Pseudomonas ) and fungi phosphate solvent ,3 . soil organisms which can improve the availability of nutrients to plants , namely : earthworms .

Morphology of Corn

Morphology of Corn

1 . root

 

Corn has root fibers with three kinds of roots , namely the seminal root , adventitious roots , and the roots latch or buffer . Seminal roots are roots that develop from the radicle and embryo . Seminal root growth will slow after plumula emerges from the ground and seminal root growth will stop at the V3 phase . Adventitious roots are roots that originally evolved from the book at the end mesokotil , then sets adventitious roots growing from each book in sequence and continues up between 7-10 books , everything below the ground surface . Adventitious roots growing into thick fibrous roots . Seminal roots just a bit role in the life cycle of corn . Adventitious roots play a role in nutrient and water uptake . The total weight of the roots of corn consists of 52 % seminal adventitious roots and 48 % of nodal roots . Root latch or buffer is adventitious roots that appear in two or three books on the surface of the ground . The function of the root of the buffer is to keep the plant in order to remain upright rods and tackle fall . This root also helps the absorption of nutrients and water


2 . cornstalk

Corn plants have stems unbranched , cylindrical , and consists of a number of segments and book sections . In the book there is a section which shoots develop into cob . The top two buds develop into productive cob . Trunk has three main network components , namely the skin ( epidermis ) , a network of vessels ( vascular bundles ) , and the central stem ( pith ) . Vascular bundles are arranged in concentric circles with bundles of high density , and perikarp circles close to the epidermis . Bundles density decreases so approaching the center of the rod . High concentration of vascular bundles beneath the epidermis causing bacillus fall . Maize genotypes that have strong stems have more layers of thick -walled sklerenkim tissue below the epidermis and peripheral stem vascular bundles ( Paliwal 2000) . There are variations in skin thickness antargenotipe that can be used for the selection of plant tolerance to stem fall .

Corn stalks upright and easily visible , as sorghum and sugarcane , but not like rice or wheat . There mutant stem is not growing rapidly so the rosette -shaped plants . Jointed rod . Wrapped in leaf midrib segments emerging from the book . Corn stalks sturdy enough but does not contain much lignin .


3. leaf

Corn leaf is perfect leaf. Elongated shape. Between midrib and leaf blade are ligula. Bone leaf veins parallel to the mother. Leaves no slippery surface and there is hair. Stomata on leaves of corn dumbbell-shaped, which is typical familia owned Poaceae. Each stomata epidermal cells surrounded by fan-shaped.


4. cornflower

Corn has a flower jantandan separate female flowers (diklin) in one plant (monoecious). Each flower has the typical structure of the tribe Poaceae flowers, called florets. In maize, two florets bounded by a pair glumae (singular: gluma). Male flowers grow at the top of the plant, a bouquet of flowers (inflorescence). Pollen distinctive yellow and flavorful. Female flowers are arranged in a cob.


5. corncob

Cob grows from the book, in between the stem and the leaf midrib. In general, a single plant can produce only one cob productive despite having a number of female flowers. Corn is ready to harvest some fruit yielding varieties can produce more than one cob productive, and is referred to as a prolific varieties. Male flowers are ready for pollination of corn tends 2-5 days earlier than female flowers (protandri).
plant corn cobs have one or two, depending on variety. Corn cobs covered by leaves cornhusk. Corn cobs are located on the top of the first established and generally larger than those at the bottom. Each cob consists of 10-16 seed line whose number is always even.

Morphological Characteristic Classification as the Basis for seed plants

Morphological Characteristic Classification as the Basis for seed plants

To facilitate the study of plants is very diverse , it is conscious or unconscious humans classify existing plants according to their respective interests . Categorization or classification is based on the nature and characteristics of the plant diversity . The purpose of classification is to find similarities and differences in the nature and characteristics of the plant diversity .

Classification used is an artificial classification . The purpose of this classification is to facilitate the introduction , essentially only one or two morphological features easily seen that the leaves and stems .

Seed plants are classified based on morphological features of vegetative parts include the leaves and stems . Here 's a table of the morphological features of vegetative parts of plants have seeds which should be the basis pencandraan or identifying a plant . This table can be used as a reference for the classification , after an unidentified form of seed plants stems and leaves .

Corn Plant Taxonomy

Corn Plant Taxonomy

In plant systematics (taxonomy), corn classified as follows:

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Spermatophyta
Sub Division: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotiledonae
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Zea mays L.

How do wheat cultivation

How do wheat cultivation - We all know, wheat is the main ingredient in making noodles and bread. But until now the government still needs to import wheat all in Indonesian. Though many areas in Indonesia are eligible for the cultivation of wheat. So necessary in plant wheat in Indonesian wheat imports that can be reduced.

Wheat plants will grow well in Indonesia with the air temperature conditions 15-25C with a neutral soil acidity pH 6.5 to 7.1. All types of land can save waterlogged soil.

Within one year of wheat should be planted one time, which began in March-May and July-September harvest.

Material requirements:

75-100 kg of wheat seed
45-100 kg SP36
1-5 tonnes of compost
How to plant:

Hoeing soil
Flatten the soil surface
Create a workflow with a distance of 20-30 cm.
Sprinkle flow into mature compost, and seeds SP36
Close the groove was the land of the plot was sown seeds
Beds will be formed after the closing of the flow
Maintenance:

7-14 Hst: Sprinkle 30-35 kg urea / ha and 30-35 kg KCl / ha.
35, 45, 55, 65, 75 and 90 Hst Hst: Spray with liquid fertilizer supplement
Basically wheat pests and diseases is very minimal, the most dominant pests are aphids, while the disease is arguably no significant disease.
Harvesting:

In principle, when the harvest is ripe seeds morphologically and physiologically ripe (beans are hard and shiny yellow brown with seed moisture content of 12-14% and a sharp spike is curved)
Harvesting is done by mowing rod 25 cm from ground level
Hay along with power knocked thrasser panicle rice, pedal thrasser and digepyok
Try to harvest during the dry season so as to facilitate drying and threshing grain
Knocked produces panicles of wheat grain.
Grain can be processed in a simple order that grain rice with a light ground and then sifted.