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Monday 9 December 2013
Monday 2 December 2013
Rubber Plant Nutrient Criteria Status
Rubber Plant Nutrient Criteria Status - Criteria rubber plant nutrient status can be determined from the value of nutrient content in leaves of the rubber plant . The nutrient content consists of nutrient nitrogen ( N ), phosphorus ( P ), Potassium ( K ) and magnesium ( Mg ). Based PTPN VII Musi Shelf compiled the following criteria :
Nutrient Criteria Status Nitrogen ( N ) :
1 . High : greater leaf nitrogen content equal to 3.51 %
2 . Medium : leaf nitrogen content ranged from 3.30 % s / d 3.50 %
3 . Low : less leaf nitrogen content equal to 3.29 %
Nutrient Criteria Status Phosphorus ( P ) :
1 . High : greater leaf phosphorus content is equal to 0.237 %
2 . Medium : leaf phosphorus content ranged from 0.233 % s / % d 0.236
3 . Low : less leaf phosphorus content is equal to 0.232 %
Nutrient Criteria Status Potassium ( K ) :
1 . High : greater leaf potassium content equal to 1.41 %
2 . Medium : leaf potassium content ranged from 1.31 % s / d 1.40 %
3 . Low : less leaf potassium content equal to 1.30 %
Nutrient Criteria Status Magnesium ( Mg ) :
1 . High : greater leaf magnesium content equal to 0.221 %
2 . Medium : magnesium content of the leaves ranged between 0.211 % s / % d 0.220
3 . Low : less leaf magnesium content equal to 0.210 %
other post
Nutrient Criteria Status Nitrogen ( N ) :
1 . High : greater leaf nitrogen content equal to 3.51 %
2 . Medium : leaf nitrogen content ranged from 3.30 % s / d 3.50 %
3 . Low : less leaf nitrogen content equal to 3.29 %
Nutrient Criteria Status Phosphorus ( P ) :
1 . High : greater leaf phosphorus content is equal to 0.237 %
2 . Medium : leaf phosphorus content ranged from 0.233 % s / % d 0.236
3 . Low : less leaf phosphorus content is equal to 0.232 %
Nutrient Criteria Status Potassium ( K ) :
1 . High : greater leaf potassium content equal to 1.41 %
2 . Medium : leaf potassium content ranged from 1.31 % s / d 1.40 %
3 . Low : less leaf potassium content equal to 1.30 %
Nutrient Criteria Status Magnesium ( Mg ) :
1 . High : greater leaf magnesium content equal to 0.221 %
2 . Medium : magnesium content of the leaves ranged between 0.211 % s / % d 0.220
3 . Low : less leaf magnesium content equal to 0.210 %
other post
Sunday 1 December 2013
Soil bacteria
Some Criteria Grouping Soil Bacteria
Soil bacteria can be grouped into the following criteria :
I. Based on the food source, soil bacteria are grouped into two, namely :
1. Autotrophs bacteria or bacteria Lithotropik, namely : bacteria that can produce their own food, eg nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, sulfur oxidizing bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, etc. Autotrophs bacteria are grouped again based energy sources are needed, namely :
a. Bacteria Bacteria Photoautotroph or Lithotropik Photo : bacteria that produce their own food and energy sources used come from Sunlight
b. Bacteria Bacteria Khemoautotroph or Khemolithotropik : bacteria produce its own food and energy sources are used from the oxidation of organic matter.
2. Heterotroph bacteria or bacteria Organotropik, namely : bacteria get food from organic material or the remains of other living beings, both fauna and flora, and both the macro and the micro. Heterotroph bacteria is also grouped by source of food, into two groups, namely :
a. Bacteria Bacteria Photoheterotroph or Fotoorganotropik : bacteria get food from organic material or the remains of other living beings and the source of energy used comes from Sunlight
b. Bacteria Bacteria Khemoheterotroph or Khemoorganotropik : bacteria get food from organic material or the remains of other living beings and the source of energy used from the oxidation of organic matter.
II. Based Oxygen Demand, bacteria are grouped into three, namely :
1. Aerobic bacteria, ie bacteria that require oxygen for life ( O2 ),
2. Anaerobic bacteria, the bacteria do not require oxygen for life, even if there is oxygen these bacteria die
3. Microaerophilic bacteria, bacteria that require oxygen for life only in small amounts.
III . Based Role in Providing Nutrient for plants, grouped into three, namely :
Bacterial nitrogen also grouped into three based on its relationship with the plant , namely :
Soil bacteria can be grouped into the following criteria :
I. Based on the food source, soil bacteria are grouped into two, namely :
1. Autotrophs bacteria or bacteria Lithotropik, namely : bacteria that can produce their own food, eg nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, sulfur oxidizing bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, etc. Autotrophs bacteria are grouped again based energy sources are needed, namely :
a. Bacteria Bacteria Photoautotroph or Lithotropik Photo : bacteria that produce their own food and energy sources used come from Sunlight
b. Bacteria Bacteria Khemoautotroph or Khemolithotropik : bacteria produce its own food and energy sources are used from the oxidation of organic matter.
2. Heterotroph bacteria or bacteria Organotropik, namely : bacteria get food from organic material or the remains of other living beings, both fauna and flora, and both the macro and the micro. Heterotroph bacteria is also grouped by source of food, into two groups, namely :
a. Bacteria Bacteria Photoheterotroph or Fotoorganotropik : bacteria get food from organic material or the remains of other living beings and the source of energy used comes from Sunlight
b. Bacteria Bacteria Khemoheterotroph or Khemoorganotropik : bacteria get food from organic material or the remains of other living beings and the source of energy used from the oxidation of organic matter.
II. Based Oxygen Demand, bacteria are grouped into three, namely :
1. Aerobic bacteria, ie bacteria that require oxygen for life ( O2 ),
2. Anaerobic bacteria, the bacteria do not require oxygen for life, even if there is oxygen these bacteria die
3. Microaerophilic bacteria, bacteria that require oxygen for life only in small amounts.
III . Based Role in Providing Nutrient for plants, grouped into three, namely :
- Bacteria Nitrogen
- Bacteria Phosphate Solvent
- Sulfate Reducing Bacteria.
Bacterial nitrogen also grouped into three based on its relationship with the plant , namely :
- symbiosis
- association
- Free life.
Soil Organic Matter
Soil is composed of : (a ) packing material , ( b ) water , and ( c ) the air. The packing material can be: (a ) mineral material , and ( b ) organic matter . A mineral composed of particles of sand, dust and clay . Third particle sorting soil texture. Mineral soil organic matter ranges from 5 % of the total weight of the soil. Although mineral soil organic matter content slightly ( +5 % ) but significant role in determining the Soil Fertility .
Definition of Organic
Organic matter is a diverse group of complex organic compounds - compounds that are or have undergone a process of decomposition , either in the form of humus results humifikasi inorganic compound or compounds , including the results of mineralization and heterotrophic microbial and ototrofik involved and be in it.
Soil Organic Material Resources, Soil organic matter can be derived from :
1. primary sources, namely: organic net plant ( flora ) that can be:
a. leaves
b. the twigs and branches
c. stem
d. fruits
e. roots.
2. secondary sources , namely: organic networks fauna , which can be: filth and microfauna .
3. Other sources from outside , namely : the provision of organic fertilizer in the form of :
a. manure
b. green manure
c. bokasi fertilizer ( compost )
d. biological fertilizer .
Biochemical Composition of Organic Materials
According to Waksman (1948 ) in Brady ( 1990 ) that the biomass of organic matter derived from biomass forage , consisting of: ( 1 ) water ( 75 % ) and ( 2 ) dry biomass ( 25 % ) .
Biochemical composition of organic matter from the dry biomass , consisting of:
1. carbohydrates ( 60 % )
2. lignin ( 25 % )
3. protein ( 10 % )
4. fats , waxes and tannins ( 5 % ).
The dry biomass carbohydrate compiler, consisting of:
1. sugar and starch ( 1 % -s/d- 5 % )
2. hemicellulose ( 10 % -s/d- 30 %
3. cellulose ( 20 % -s/d- 50 % ).
Based on the categories of nutrient elements composing the dry biomass, consisting of:
1. Carbon ( C = 44 % )
2. Oxygen ( O = 40 % )
3. Hydrogen ( H = 8 % )
4. Mineral ( 8 % ).
Decomposition of organic material
The process of decomposition of organic matter through three reactions, namely:
1. enzymatic reactions or enzymatic oxidation, namely: the oxidation reactions occurring hydrocarbon compounds through enzymatic reactions produce the final product in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), water (H2O ), steam and hot.
2. specific reaction or immobilized form of mineralization and nutrient elements essential connection in the form of nutrient nitrogen ( N ), phosphorus ( P ), and sulfur ( S ).
3. the formation of a new compound, or derivative compounds are very resistant form of soil humus.
Based on the category of the final product , the process of decomposition of organic matter are classified into two, namely:
1. the process of mineralization, and
2. humifikasi process.
Mineralization process occurs mainly on organic - compounds from compounds that are not resistant, such as cellulose, sugar, and protein. Ions produced at the final mineralization or nutrient available to plants.
Humifikasi process occurs on organic material from the compound - resistant compounds, such as lignin, resins, oils and fats. The final process humifikasi humus produced more resistant to decomposition processes.
Massage facilities compilers decomposition of various materials from the soil organic matter terdekomposisi fastest terdekomposisi up with the latest, is as follows:
1. sugars, starch, and protein medium
2. crude protein ( protein complex leih )
3. hemicellulose
4. cellulose
5. fats, oils and waxes, as well as
6. lignin.
Humus
Humus can be defined as the original complex network of organic compounds plants ( flora ) and or fauna that has been modified or synthesized by microbes, which are relatively resistant to weathering, brown, amorphous ( without form / nonkristalin ) and colloidal nature.
Humus Characteristics
Some features of soil humus as follows:
1. are colloidal ( size less than 1 micrometer ), because the small size makes humus colloid has a surface area greater association weights, so high above the clay absorbent cottonwool. KTK organic colloidal size 150 s / d 300 me/100 g higher than KTK clay, ie 8 s / d 100 me/100g. Humus exerts on the water absorbent cottonwool 80% s / d 90 % and is significantly higher than the clay that only 15 % s / d 20 %. Humus has carboxyl and phenolic functional group abundance.
2. the cohesion and low plasticity, thereby reducing soil clamminess and helps granulation soil aggregates.
3. Composed of lignin, poliuronida, and crude protein.
4. dark brown, which can cause earthy dark.
Role Against Soil Organic Matter
Organic matter can influence the changes in soil properties following :
1. physical properties of the soil
2. the chemical properties of the soil
3. the nature of the soil biology.
The role of organic matter on changes in soil physical properties, including:
1. stimulant of granulation land
2. improve the soil structure becomes more crumb
3. reduce soil plasticity and cohesion
4. improve the soil hold water until no excess drainage, soil moisture and temperature stabilized
5. influence earthy brown to black
6. neutralize the rain damaged the details
7. inhibit erosion, and
8. reduces leaching ( washing / leaching).
The role of organic matter on changes in soil chemical properties , including:
1. increase the nutrient available from the mineralization process degradable organic matter
2. produce humus soil that acts as a colloidal mineral residue from the compound and the compound decomposes in the process humifikasi confidential
3. increase the cation exchange capacity ( KTK ) 30 times larger land rather than inorganic colloids
4. positive unload land through chelation of mineral oxides and Al and Fe cations are reactive , thus decreasing soil P fixation
5. improve the availability and efficiency through improved fertilization and P by acid - leaching the organic acid decomposition of organic material.
The role of organic matter on changes in soil biological properties, including:
1. increasing the diversity of organisms that can survive in soil ( makrobia and microbial soil )
2. increase the population of soil organisms ( makrobia and microbial soil )
Good diversity of population increase mupun closely related to the function of organic matter for soil organisms , namely as :
1. organic matter as a source of energy for soil organisms, especially soil organisms heterotropik
2. organic matter as a nutrient source for soil organisms.
Definition of Organic
Organic matter is a diverse group of complex organic compounds - compounds that are or have undergone a process of decomposition , either in the form of humus results humifikasi inorganic compound or compounds , including the results of mineralization and heterotrophic microbial and ototrofik involved and be in it.
Soil Organic Material Resources, Soil organic matter can be derived from :
1. primary sources, namely: organic net plant ( flora ) that can be:
a. leaves
b. the twigs and branches
c. stem
d. fruits
e. roots.
2. secondary sources , namely: organic networks fauna , which can be: filth and microfauna .
3. Other sources from outside , namely : the provision of organic fertilizer in the form of :
a. manure
b. green manure
c. bokasi fertilizer ( compost )
d. biological fertilizer .
Biochemical Composition of Organic Materials
According to Waksman (1948 ) in Brady ( 1990 ) that the biomass of organic matter derived from biomass forage , consisting of: ( 1 ) water ( 75 % ) and ( 2 ) dry biomass ( 25 % ) .
Biochemical composition of organic matter from the dry biomass , consisting of:
1. carbohydrates ( 60 % )
2. lignin ( 25 % )
3. protein ( 10 % )
4. fats , waxes and tannins ( 5 % ).
The dry biomass carbohydrate compiler, consisting of:
1. sugar and starch ( 1 % -s/d- 5 % )
2. hemicellulose ( 10 % -s/d- 30 %
3. cellulose ( 20 % -s/d- 50 % ).
Based on the categories of nutrient elements composing the dry biomass, consisting of:
1. Carbon ( C = 44 % )
2. Oxygen ( O = 40 % )
3. Hydrogen ( H = 8 % )
4. Mineral ( 8 % ).
Decomposition of organic material
The process of decomposition of organic matter through three reactions, namely:
1. enzymatic reactions or enzymatic oxidation, namely: the oxidation reactions occurring hydrocarbon compounds through enzymatic reactions produce the final product in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), water (H2O ), steam and hot.
2. specific reaction or immobilized form of mineralization and nutrient elements essential connection in the form of nutrient nitrogen ( N ), phosphorus ( P ), and sulfur ( S ).
3. the formation of a new compound, or derivative compounds are very resistant form of soil humus.
Based on the category of the final product , the process of decomposition of organic matter are classified into two, namely:
1. the process of mineralization, and
2. humifikasi process.
Mineralization process occurs mainly on organic - compounds from compounds that are not resistant, such as cellulose, sugar, and protein. Ions produced at the final mineralization or nutrient available to plants.
Humifikasi process occurs on organic material from the compound - resistant compounds, such as lignin, resins, oils and fats. The final process humifikasi humus produced more resistant to decomposition processes.
Massage facilities compilers decomposition of various materials from the soil organic matter terdekomposisi fastest terdekomposisi up with the latest, is as follows:
1. sugars, starch, and protein medium
2. crude protein ( protein complex leih )
3. hemicellulose
4. cellulose
5. fats, oils and waxes, as well as
6. lignin.
Humus
Humus can be defined as the original complex network of organic compounds plants ( flora ) and or fauna that has been modified or synthesized by microbes, which are relatively resistant to weathering, brown, amorphous ( without form / nonkristalin ) and colloidal nature.
Humus Characteristics
Some features of soil humus as follows:
1. are colloidal ( size less than 1 micrometer ), because the small size makes humus colloid has a surface area greater association weights, so high above the clay absorbent cottonwool. KTK organic colloidal size 150 s / d 300 me/100 g higher than KTK clay, ie 8 s / d 100 me/100g. Humus exerts on the water absorbent cottonwool 80% s / d 90 % and is significantly higher than the clay that only 15 % s / d 20 %. Humus has carboxyl and phenolic functional group abundance.
2. the cohesion and low plasticity, thereby reducing soil clamminess and helps granulation soil aggregates.
3. Composed of lignin, poliuronida, and crude protein.
4. dark brown, which can cause earthy dark.
Role Against Soil Organic Matter
Organic matter can influence the changes in soil properties following :
1. physical properties of the soil
2. the chemical properties of the soil
3. the nature of the soil biology.
The role of organic matter on changes in soil physical properties, including:
1. stimulant of granulation land
2. improve the soil structure becomes more crumb
3. reduce soil plasticity and cohesion
4. improve the soil hold water until no excess drainage, soil moisture and temperature stabilized
5. influence earthy brown to black
6. neutralize the rain damaged the details
7. inhibit erosion, and
8. reduces leaching ( washing / leaching).
The role of organic matter on changes in soil chemical properties , including:
1. increase the nutrient available from the mineralization process degradable organic matter
2. produce humus soil that acts as a colloidal mineral residue from the compound and the compound decomposes in the process humifikasi confidential
3. increase the cation exchange capacity ( KTK ) 30 times larger land rather than inorganic colloids
4. positive unload land through chelation of mineral oxides and Al and Fe cations are reactive , thus decreasing soil P fixation
5. improve the availability and efficiency through improved fertilization and P by acid - leaching the organic acid decomposition of organic material.
The role of organic matter on changes in soil biological properties, including:
1. increasing the diversity of organisms that can survive in soil ( makrobia and microbial soil )
2. increase the population of soil organisms ( makrobia and microbial soil )
Good diversity of population increase mupun closely related to the function of organic matter for soil organisms , namely as :
1. organic matter as a source of energy for soil organisms, especially soil organisms heterotropik
2. organic matter as a nutrient source for soil organisms.
Saturday 30 November 2013
Provision Mechanism for Plant Nutrient
Some Plant Nutrient Requirements
During the period of growth and development, plants need some nutrients that include : Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), Oxygen ( O ), Nitrogen ( N ), phosphorus ( P ), Potassium( K ), calcium ( Ca ), magnesium ( Mg ), sulfur ( S ), iron ( Fe ), manganese ( Mn ), boron ( B ), Mo, Copper ( Cu ), Zinc ( Zn ) and Chlorine ( Cl ). Nutrients are classified as Essential nutrients. This essential nutrient for plants based on the amount of their needs, grouped into two, namely :
1. the necessary nutrients the plants in large numbers called Macro Nutrient
2. plant nutrients required in small quantities called Micro Nutrients . Includes macro nutrients : N , P , K , Ca , Mg , and S. Micro nutrients include : Fe , Mn , B , Mo , Cu , Zn , and Cl.
Mechanism of Nutrient Supply
The supply of nutrients to the plant consists of three categories , namely:
1. is available from the air
2. available from plant roots absorb water
3. are available from the ground . Some nutrients are available in sufficient quantities of air are :
a. Carbon ( C )
b. Oxygen ( O )
which is in the form of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ). Available nutrients from water ( H2O ) are absorbed are: hydrogen ( H ), because the oxygen from water molecules undergo oxidation process and released into the air by plants in the form of molecular oxygen ( O2 ). As for other essential nutrients that plants need are available from the soil.
The mechanism of nutrient supply in the soil via three mechanisms , namely :
1 . The mass flow ( Mass Flow )
2 . diffusion
3 . Root interception
Mass Flow Mechanism
Mass flow mechanism is a mechanism of nutrient movement in the soil toward the root surface together with the movement of water masses. During the lifetime of the plant experienced the evaporation of water, known as transpiration events. During the process of plant transpiration takes place, there is also the process of absorption of water by plant roots. Mass movement of water to the plant roots a direct result of the mass uptake of water by plant roots also carry entrained nutrients contained in the water. Events availability of nutrients contained in the water to come with the mass movement of water to the surface of plant roots known as Mass Flow Mechanism. Nutrient availability to plants through this mechanism include : nitrogen ( 98.8 % ), calcium ( 71.4 % ), sulfur ( 95.0 % ), and Mo ( 95.2 % ).
Diffusion mechanism
Availability of nutrients to the surface of plant roots, can also occur due to concentration differences through the mechanism. The concentration of nutrients in the plant root surface is lower than the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution and nutrient concentration on the surface of colloidal clay and organic colloids on the surface. This condition occurs because most of the nutrients have been absorbed by plant roots. The high nutrient concentrations in the third position causes the occurrence of diffusion of highly concentrated nutrients to the plant root surface position. Nutrient movement events occur because of differences in nutrient concentration is known as diffusion mechanism of nutrient supply. Some nutrients are available through the diffusion mechanism , are: phosphorus ( 90.9 % ) and potassium ( 77.7 % ).
Interception mechanism Roots
Root interception mechanism is very different from the two previous mechanisms . Both previous mechanism explains the movement of nutrients to the roots of plants, while the third mechanism explains the movement of plant roots that shorten the distance with the presence of nutrients. This event occurs because the plant roots grow and elongate, thereby extending the reach of the roots. Extension of the roots closer to the root surface makes the position where the nutrients are, both nutrients are in the soil solution, the surface of colloidal clay and organic colloids surface. The mechanism of nutrient availability are known as root interception mechanism. Nutrient availability is largely through this mechanism are : calcium ( 28.6 % ).
During the period of growth and development, plants need some nutrients that include : Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), Oxygen ( O ), Nitrogen ( N ), phosphorus ( P ), Potassium( K ), calcium ( Ca ), magnesium ( Mg ), sulfur ( S ), iron ( Fe ), manganese ( Mn ), boron ( B ), Mo, Copper ( Cu ), Zinc ( Zn ) and Chlorine ( Cl ). Nutrients are classified as Essential nutrients. This essential nutrient for plants based on the amount of their needs, grouped into two, namely :
1. the necessary nutrients the plants in large numbers called Macro Nutrient
2. plant nutrients required in small quantities called Micro Nutrients . Includes macro nutrients : N , P , K , Ca , Mg , and S. Micro nutrients include : Fe , Mn , B , Mo , Cu , Zn , and Cl.
Mechanism of Nutrient Supply
The supply of nutrients to the plant consists of three categories , namely:
1. is available from the air
2. available from plant roots absorb water
3. are available from the ground . Some nutrients are available in sufficient quantities of air are :
a. Carbon ( C )
b. Oxygen ( O )
which is in the form of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ). Available nutrients from water ( H2O ) are absorbed are: hydrogen ( H ), because the oxygen from water molecules undergo oxidation process and released into the air by plants in the form of molecular oxygen ( O2 ). As for other essential nutrients that plants need are available from the soil.
The mechanism of nutrient supply in the soil via three mechanisms , namely :
1 . The mass flow ( Mass Flow )
2 . diffusion
3 . Root interception
Mass Flow Mechanism
Mass flow mechanism is a mechanism of nutrient movement in the soil toward the root surface together with the movement of water masses. During the lifetime of the plant experienced the evaporation of water, known as transpiration events. During the process of plant transpiration takes place, there is also the process of absorption of water by plant roots. Mass movement of water to the plant roots a direct result of the mass uptake of water by plant roots also carry entrained nutrients contained in the water. Events availability of nutrients contained in the water to come with the mass movement of water to the surface of plant roots known as Mass Flow Mechanism. Nutrient availability to plants through this mechanism include : nitrogen ( 98.8 % ), calcium ( 71.4 % ), sulfur ( 95.0 % ), and Mo ( 95.2 % ).
Diffusion mechanism
Availability of nutrients to the surface of plant roots, can also occur due to concentration differences through the mechanism. The concentration of nutrients in the plant root surface is lower than the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution and nutrient concentration on the surface of colloidal clay and organic colloids on the surface. This condition occurs because most of the nutrients have been absorbed by plant roots. The high nutrient concentrations in the third position causes the occurrence of diffusion of highly concentrated nutrients to the plant root surface position. Nutrient movement events occur because of differences in nutrient concentration is known as diffusion mechanism of nutrient supply. Some nutrients are available through the diffusion mechanism , are: phosphorus ( 90.9 % ) and potassium ( 77.7 % ).
Interception mechanism Roots
Root interception mechanism is very different from the two previous mechanisms . Both previous mechanism explains the movement of nutrients to the roots of plants, while the third mechanism explains the movement of plant roots that shorten the distance with the presence of nutrients. This event occurs because the plant roots grow and elongate, thereby extending the reach of the roots. Extension of the roots closer to the root surface makes the position where the nutrients are, both nutrients are in the soil solution, the surface of colloidal clay and organic colloids surface. The mechanism of nutrient availability are known as root interception mechanism. Nutrient availability is largely through this mechanism are : calcium ( 28.6 % ).
Cation Exchange Capacity
Understanding Cation Exchange Capacity
One of the chemical properties of the soil are closely associated with the availability of nutrients to plants and soil fertility is an indicator of Cation Exchange Capacity ( CEC ) or Cation Exchangable Cappacity ( CEC ) . CEC is the total amount of exchangeable cations (cation exchangable ) on the surface of the negatively charged colloid . CEC is a unit of measurement results milliequivalen cations in the soil or to 100 grams per 100 g of soil cations .
Some terms CEC
Based on the type of colloid is negatively charged surface , CEC can be grouped into three , namely :
1 . CEC inorganic colloids or clay soil known as CEC ,
2 . CEC organic colloids known as CEC or soil organic matter , and
3 . Total CEC or CEC .
CEC CEC or clay Inorganic Colloids
CEC clay is the amount of exchangeable cations on the surface of inorganic colloids ( colloidal clay ) which are negatively charged .
Clay CEC value depends on the type of clay , for example :
a. Kaolinite clay CEC value = 3 s / d 5 me/100 g .
b . Clay and Clay Chlorite Illit , has a value of CEC = 10 s / d 40 me/100 g .
c . Montmorillonite clay , CEC value = 80 s / d 150 me/100 g .
d . Vermikullit clay , CEC value = 100 s / d 150 me/100 g .
CEC Organic Colloids
CEC organic colloids often referred to as CEC of soil organic matter is the amount of exchangeable cations on the surface of negatively charged organic colloids .
Organic colloids CEC value is higher than the value of the colloidal inorganic CEC . CEC value of organic colloids ranged from 200 g to 300 me/100 me/100 g .
The total CEC or CEC Land
A total CEC CEC value of the soil is the total amount of exchangeable cations from the soil , either cations on the surface of colloidal organic ( humus ) and cations on the surface of inorganic colloids ( clay ) .
Differences CEC Land Based Sources Negative Charge
Based on the negative charge of land resources , soil CEC values are divided into 2 , namely :
1 . CEC permanent charge , and
2 . CEC is not a permanent charge .
Permanent Load CEC
Permanent charge CEC is the sum of exchangeable cations on the surface of colloidal clay with a negative charge originating source of isomorphic substitution mechanism . Isomorphic substitution is the replacement mechanism between the position of the cation with the size or diameter of the cation is almost the same but different content. The isomorphic substitution occurs from high divalent cations with lower valence cations in the structure of the clay plates , both plates clay Si - Al - tetrahedron and octahedron .
Examples of the negative charge above events are : ( a) . isomorphic substitution of Si position with 4 + charge on the clay plate structure by Si - tetrahedron charged Al 3 + , resulting in an excess of negative charge , ( b ) . the isomorphic substitution of Al positions are charged 3 + on clay Al - octahedron structure by Mg 2 + -charged , also occurred one negative charge , and ( c ) . isomorphic substitution of the position of the Al 3 + -charged isomorphic substitution of previous results on Si - tetrahedron clay plates that have been charged neatif one , was replaced by Mg 2 + -charged , then it happens again the addition of a negative charge , thus forming a negative charge on the two plates the Si - tetrahedron clay . The negative charge is formed is not affected by changes in soil pH . Measured soil CEC is a permanent charge CEC .
CEC Payload Not Permanent
CEC charge is not permanent or CEC depending on the pH of the soil is the sum of exchangeable cations on the surface of colloidal clay with a source of negative charge of clay is not derived from the mechanisms of substitution isomorphic but derived from the mechanism of fracture or pop-up on the surface of colloidal clay , so it depends on the concentration of H + and OH - from the soil solution .
Soil CEC Measurement Results
Based on the measurement and calculation techniques in the laboratory soil CEC , the CEC values are grouped into two , namely :
1 . Effective CEC
2 . The total CEC .
One of the chemical properties of the soil are closely associated with the availability of nutrients to plants and soil fertility is an indicator of Cation Exchange Capacity ( CEC ) or Cation Exchangable Cappacity ( CEC ) . CEC is the total amount of exchangeable cations (cation exchangable ) on the surface of the negatively charged colloid . CEC is a unit of measurement results milliequivalen cations in the soil or to 100 grams per 100 g of soil cations .
Some terms CEC
Based on the type of colloid is negatively charged surface , CEC can be grouped into three , namely :
1 . CEC inorganic colloids or clay soil known as CEC ,
2 . CEC organic colloids known as CEC or soil organic matter , and
3 . Total CEC or CEC .
CEC CEC or clay Inorganic Colloids
CEC clay is the amount of exchangeable cations on the surface of inorganic colloids ( colloidal clay ) which are negatively charged .
Clay CEC value depends on the type of clay , for example :
a. Kaolinite clay CEC value = 3 s / d 5 me/100 g .
b . Clay and Clay Chlorite Illit , has a value of CEC = 10 s / d 40 me/100 g .
c . Montmorillonite clay , CEC value = 80 s / d 150 me/100 g .
d . Vermikullit clay , CEC value = 100 s / d 150 me/100 g .
CEC Organic Colloids
CEC organic colloids often referred to as CEC of soil organic matter is the amount of exchangeable cations on the surface of negatively charged organic colloids .
Organic colloids CEC value is higher than the value of the colloidal inorganic CEC . CEC value of organic colloids ranged from 200 g to 300 me/100 me/100 g .
The total CEC or CEC Land
A total CEC CEC value of the soil is the total amount of exchangeable cations from the soil , either cations on the surface of colloidal organic ( humus ) and cations on the surface of inorganic colloids ( clay ) .
Differences CEC Land Based Sources Negative Charge
Based on the negative charge of land resources , soil CEC values are divided into 2 , namely :
1 . CEC permanent charge , and
2 . CEC is not a permanent charge .
Permanent Load CEC
Permanent charge CEC is the sum of exchangeable cations on the surface of colloidal clay with a negative charge originating source of isomorphic substitution mechanism . Isomorphic substitution is the replacement mechanism between the position of the cation with the size or diameter of the cation is almost the same but different content. The isomorphic substitution occurs from high divalent cations with lower valence cations in the structure of the clay plates , both plates clay Si - Al - tetrahedron and octahedron .
Examples of the negative charge above events are : ( a) . isomorphic substitution of Si position with 4 + charge on the clay plate structure by Si - tetrahedron charged Al 3 + , resulting in an excess of negative charge , ( b ) . the isomorphic substitution of Al positions are charged 3 + on clay Al - octahedron structure by Mg 2 + -charged , also occurred one negative charge , and ( c ) . isomorphic substitution of the position of the Al 3 + -charged isomorphic substitution of previous results on Si - tetrahedron clay plates that have been charged neatif one , was replaced by Mg 2 + -charged , then it happens again the addition of a negative charge , thus forming a negative charge on the two plates the Si - tetrahedron clay . The negative charge is formed is not affected by changes in soil pH . Measured soil CEC is a permanent charge CEC .
CEC Payload Not Permanent
CEC charge is not permanent or CEC depending on the pH of the soil is the sum of exchangeable cations on the surface of colloidal clay with a source of negative charge of clay is not derived from the mechanisms of substitution isomorphic but derived from the mechanism of fracture or pop-up on the surface of colloidal clay , so it depends on the concentration of H + and OH - from the soil solution .
Soil CEC Measurement Results
Based on the measurement and calculation techniques in the laboratory soil CEC , the CEC values are grouped into two , namely :
1 . Effective CEC
2 . The total CEC .
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